Emma Chandley BVetMed PGCertSAS MRCVS
Introduction
One of the most concerning spinal conditions vets encounter in dogs is intervertebral disc disease (IVDD). This is commonly known as slipped disc or disc disease. This condition can range from mild discomfort to complete paralysis. It can significantly impact a dog’s mobility and quality of life. Understanding the signs, treatment options, and preventive measures can help dog owners—especially those with senior pets—ensure their beloved companions remain comfortable and active for as long as possible.
What is Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD)?
IVDD is a condition that affects the discs between the vertebrae in a dog’s spine. These discs act as cushions, absorbing impact and allowing flexible movement. Over time, or due to genetic predisposition, these discs can degenerate, bulge, or rupture, leading to spinal cord compression. This compression causes pain, weakness, and, in severe cases, paralysis.
There are two primary types of IVDD:
● Type I IVDD
This type is more common in small breeds such as Dachshunds, Pekingese, French Bulldogs, and Beagles. It occurs when the disc material hardens and then suddenly ruptures, leading to acute symptoms.
● Type II IVDD
This type is typically seen in larger breeds and older dogs. It involves a gradual degeneration of the disc, causing slow-onset symptoms such as stiffness and difficulty moving. It is a chronic disease and clinical signs may be subtle at first.
Causes and Risk Factors
Several factors contribute to the development of IVDD, including:
● Genetics
Some breeds, particularly chondrodystrophic dogs (those with short legs and long backs, like Dachshunds and Corgis), are genetically predisposed to IVDD.
● Age
Older dogs are more susceptible to disc degeneration, particularly those over five years of age.
● Weight
Carrying excess weight puts additional strain on the spine, increasing the risk of disc damage.
● Activity Level
High-impact activities such as jumping off furniture or rough play can lead to disc injuries, particularly in at-risk breeds.
● Poor Muscle Tone
Weak muscles provide less support to the spine, increasing the likelihood of injury.
Recognising the Symptoms
The symptoms of IVDD can vary depending on the severity of the spinal compression. Common signs include:
● Stiffness or reluctance to move
● Pain when touched along the spine
● Difficulty standing or walking
● Hunched posture
● Wobbliness or weakness in the legs
● Paralysis in severe cases
● Loss of bladder or bowel control
If your dog exhibits any of these symptoms, it is very important to seek veterinary attention immediately. Early diagnosis and treatment significantly improve the chances of recovery.
Diagnosing IVDD
Vets diagnose IVDD through a combination of:
● Physical Examination
Your vet will assessing your dog’s pain response and neurological function.
● X-Rays
While they cannot highlight soft tissue issues very well, they can be used to diagnose spinal abnormalities.
● Advanced Imaging (MRI or CT Scan)
These provide detailed images of the spine, allowing precise diagnosis and assessment of disc damage.
Treatment Options
The best treatment approach depends on the severity of the condition.
Conservative Management
For mild cases, or when surgery is not an option, conservative treatment may be recommended. This includes:
● Strict Crate Rest
Dogs must avoid movement for several weeks or months to allow the disc to heal.
● Pain Relief and Anti-Inflammatories
NSAIDs, steroids, and other pain medications can be prescribed to help manage discomfort and inflammation.
● Physical Therapy and Hydrotherapy
Controlled exercises can help strengthen muscles and improve mobility.
Joint and spine-supporting supplements can aid in maintaining disc and joint health.
● Weight Management
Keeping dogs at a healthy weight reduces stress on the spine.
● Acupuncture and Laser Therapy
These alternative treatments have shown promise in reducing pain and inflammation, promoting healing, and improving mobility.
Surgical Treatment
For more severe cases, particularly those involving paralysis, surgery may be required. Common procedures include:
● Hemilaminectomy
Removing part of the vertebra to relieve pressure on the spinal cord.
● Fenestration
Removing degenerated disc material to prevent further rupture.
● Ventral Slot Surgery
Used for cervical (neck) disc issues to relieve spinal cord compression.
Post-surgical care involves physical rehabilitation, controlled exercise, and continued pain management.
Preventing IVDD
While IVDD cannot always be prevented, the following steps can reduce the risk:
● Maintain a Healthy Weight
Excess weight strains the spine and joints.
● Provide Proper Exercise
Regular, low-impact activities strengthen muscles without placing undue stress on the back.
● Use Supportive Equipment
Ramps and pet stairs can prevent dogs from jumping on and off furniture.
● Choose a Nutrient-Rich Diet
Including supplements can help maintain spine and joint health.
● Regular Veterinary Check-Ups
Early detection of spinal issues can prevent severe complications.
● Consider Back Support Harnesses
Specially designed harnesses can support dogs with weak backs and prevent further injury. It is important to always consult your vet before using any equipment like this.
Living with IVDD
Dogs with IVDD, whether treated conservatively or surgically, will often require long-term management. Supportive measures include:
● Orthopaedic Beds
These provide comfort and reduce pressure on the spine.
● Assisted Mobility Aids
Slings or carts can help dogs with mobility issues regain independence.
● Regular Physical Therapy
Strengthening exercises tailored to your dog's condition can improve function and prevent further deterioration.
● Pain Management
Long-term use of pain relief, acupuncture, or laser therapy can improve a dog's quality of life.
● Environmental Adjustments
Non-slip mats, raised food bowls, and accessible sleeping areas can make daily life easier for affected dogs.
Additional Considerations for Senior Dogs
Senior dogs are more prone to spinal issues due to natural ageing and degeneration. Providing additional support such as heated beds, gentle massage, and a steady routine can help them stay comfortable. Supplements such as green-lipped mussel extract may offer additional anti-inflammatory benefits.
Older dogs also benefit from routine veterinary assessments to monitor mobility and pain levels. Catching issues early can prevent severe deterioration and improve overall quality of life.
Final Thoughts
IVDD and slipped discs can be distressing conditions, but with early intervention, proper management, and lifestyle adjustments, many dogs can continue to live happy, fulfilling lives. By recognising the signs, seeking timely veterinary care, and implementing preventative measures, dog owners—especially those with senior pets—can give their companions the best possible support for a healthy spine. If you are worried that your dog may be showing symptoms of IVDD, consult your vet for an assessment, they will always be happy to help.
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