Emma Chandley BVetMed PGCertSAS MRCVS
Introduction
One of the most common orthopaedic conditions seen by vets in dogs is a luxating patella. This condition, which affects the kneecap in the hind legs, can range from mild to very severe. It may cause discomfort, reduced mobility, and even long-term joint problems if left untreated. Understanding the luxating patella, its symptoms, treatment options, and ways to support your dog’s joint health is essential for responsible pet ownership.
What is a Luxating Patella?
The term ‘luxating patella’ refers to the dislocation or movement of the kneecap (patella) from its normal position where it sits in the groove of the femur. In a normal healthy knee joint, the patella glides smoothly up and down within this groove as the leg moves. However, in dogs with a luxating patella, the kneecap shifts out of place, either temporarily or persistently, leading to discomfort and instability of the joint. This condition can affect one or both knees and can progress over time if not properly managed.
Causes and Risk Factors
Luxating patella can be caused by a variety of factors, including:
● Obesity
Carrying excess weight puts additional strain on your dog's joints, potentially worsening existing patellar instability and contributing to secondary arthritis. Maintaining an ideal weight is crucial in managing joint conditions.
● Age
While many cases are diagnosed in young dogs, older dogs can also develop luxating patella, especially if they experience degenerative joint changes over time.
● Genetics
Many small and toy breeds, such as Yorkshire Terriers, Chihuahuas, and Pomeranians are predisposed to this condition due to inherited anatomical traits. Medium and large breeds can also be affected, although it is less commonly seen in these breeds.
● Trauma
A sudden injury, such as a fall or a forceful impact, can lead to a luxating patella, particularly in dogs with a genetic predisposition.
● Poor Conformation
Abnormal bone structure, such as rotational deformities, a shallow femoral groove, or misaligned limbs, can all increase the likelihood of the patella slipping out of place.
Recognising the Symptoms
Symptoms of luxating patella can vary greatly depending on severity, but common signs include:
● Sudden ‘hopping’ or skipping on one leg before returning to normal gait.
● Intermittent limping or favouring one hind leg, especially after exercise.
● Difficulty jumping, standing up, or climbing stairs.
● Stiffness or reluctance to exercise.
● Audible clicking or popping sounds from the knee joint.
● Swelling or tenderness around the knee area (seen in more advanced cases).
If you notice any of these signs in your dog, it’s important to seek advice from your vet. Early diagnosis and management can prevent the condition from worsening and reduce the risk of arthritic changes in the joints.
Diagnosing Luxating Patella
A vet can usually diagnose luxating patella through a physical examination. By gently manipulating the knee, your vet will assess the movement of the patella and determine the severity. In some cases, X-rays or advanced imaging such as CT scans may be recommended to evaluate the structure of the knee joint and rule out other orthopaedic issues.
Grading the Severity
Luxating patella is classified into four grades:
● Grade 1: The patella can be manually moved out of place but returns to position on its own. Dogs with this grade may show little or no clinical signs.
● Grade 2: The patella luxates spontaneously but can return to position with movement or manipulation. Dogs may experience occasional hopping or limping.
● Grade 3: The patella is frequently out of position and requires manual repositioning. Symptoms are often more persistent and may impact mobility.
● Grade 4: The patella is permanently dislocated and cannot be manually repositioned. This grade often results in significant discomfort and difficulty walking.
The grade of luxation determines the most appropriate treatment approach. Your vet will always discuss the options in detail with you.
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the severity of the condition and how much it affects the dog’s quality of life.
Non-Surgical Management
For dogs with mild cases (Grade 1 or mild Grade 2), non-surgical approaches may help manage symptoms and prevent progression:
● Weight Management – Keeping your dog at a healthy weight reduces unnecessary strain on the joints and minimises the risk of further complications occurring.
● Exercise & Physiotherapy – Low-impact activities such as swimming and controlled physical therapy exercises can help maintain muscle strength and joint support.
● Joint Supplements – Nutritional support can promote joint health and reduce inflammation.
● Pain Relief & Anti-Inflammatories – If your dog experiences discomfort, your vet may prescribe medication to help alleviate pain and inflammation.
Surgical Intervention
For more severe cases (Grades 3 and 4) or dogs experiencing chronic pain, surgery may be the best option. Common surgical techniques include but are not limited to:
● Trochleoplasty – Deepening the groove in the femur to keep the patella in place.
● Tibial Tuberosity Transposition (TTT) – Realigning the attachment point of the patellar ligament to improve stability.
● Soft Tissue Reconstruction – Tightening or releasing soft tissues around the joint to encourage proper positioning.
Often a combination of the techniques described above is used. Post-surgical rehabilitation, including physiotherapy and controlled exercise, is crucial for a successful recovery. Your vet may recommend hydrotherapy to help strengthen muscles without putting strain on healing joints.
Supporting Joint Health Long-Term
Whether your dog has a mild or severe case of luxating patella, supporting their joint health is essential. Here are some tips:
● Maintain a healthy weight
Preventing excess weight gain reduces pressure on the knees and decreases the risk of joint degeneration.
● Provide a Joint-Friendly Diet
Diets rich in omega-3s, collagen, and antioxidants support cartilage and joint function.
● Regular Vet Check-Ups
Routine check-ups allow early detection of any symptoms that are a cause for concern, ensuring timely intervention.
● Modify Exercise Routines
Avoid high-impact activities like excessive jumping and instead focus on gentle walks, hydrotherapy, and controlled play.
● Provide Supportive Bedding
Orthopaedic beds and non-slip flooring can help reduce strain on joints and improve comfort for dogs with luxating patella.
Conclusion
A luxating patella is a common orthopaedic condition that can affect a dog’s mobility and comfort. While mild cases can often be managed with weight control, physiotherapy, and supplements, more severe cases may require surgical intervention. If you suspect your dog has a luxating patella, consult your vet for a tailored treatment plan to keep them active and pain-free. With proper management and care, most dogs with this condition can continue to lead happy, healthy lives.
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